Shows how strong your physical dependence on nicotine is if you smoke cigarettes. It is not a diagnosis, only a prompt to decide whether you want help to quit.
The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) was developed by Heatherton, Kozlowski, Frecker and Fagerström in 1991 as a revision of the earlier Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire. Six questions about smoking cigarettes: how soon after waking you smoke the first one, how many a day, and whether you find it hard to refrain where smoking is banned. Four questions score 0 or 1 and two score 0 to 3, so the total is 0 to 10. The higher the total, the stronger the physical dependence on nicotine.
This is not a diagnosis
The test measures only physical dependence on nicotine from smoking cigarettes. It does not measure habit or the psychological side of smoking. A doctor makes the diagnosis and plans treatment.
What happens to your answers
Your score is calculated right in your browser. Your answers reach our server only if you ask for your result by email: we write the email and do not keep them.
Source: Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND): Heatherton T. F., Kozlowski L. T., Frecker R. C., Fagerström K. O., 1991, The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire, British Journal of Addiction 86(9), 1119-1127, DOI 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x. Questions as in the PhenX Toolkit protocol «Cigarette Nicotine Dependence» (questions 1-6 of the FTND, printed with permission of K. O. Fagerström). Score levels: clinical form of the Center for Tobacco Treatment Research and Training, UMass Chan Medical School.
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